Human reproduction: irrational but in most cases morally defensible.

W hile I am inclined to agree that in most cases a choice to become pregnant and bring to birth a child is an irrational choice, unlike Professor Häyry, I believe that choosing to do so is far from being necessarily immoral. In fact I will argue that it is often these irrational (but morally defensible) choices which make human life the valuable commodity many of us believe it is. Häyry argues that not only is the choice to have children always an irrational choice, but also it is necessarily an immoral choice. Thus, for Häyry ‘‘human reproduction is fundamentally immoral’’. He claims it is important to point out to prospective parents that their urge to have children is irrational. From this, he argues, it follows that once this is accepted the use of advance technologies to assist conception should be reassessed, and furthermore, the irrationality and immorality of having children should become a legitimate part of guidance given to those expressing a wish to have children. According to Häyry the reason it is irrational and immoral to choose to bring to birth a child is that ‘‘having a child can always realistically lead to the worse possible outcome, when the alternative is not having a child’’. He argues that when people consider having children they are faced with the choice between deciding not to have children and thus harming or benefiting no-one (this, it is argued has a value of zero), or having children where this life may be good or bad, and thus the value of this choice can be negative, positive or zero. He thus feels that the only rational and moral course of action to avoid suffering where possible is to avoid reproduction as all reproduction involves a risk of suffering. However, this assertion seems to be far from self-evidently true as it presumes a particularly pessimistic view of the value of human existence. While it is easy to see how creating a child who is likely to experience great and overwhelming suffering is not only an irrational but also a morally reprehensible choice, it is not clear that most or even very many children brought to birth will have such an existence. In most cases life is made up of good and bad experiences. If being brought to birth and thus enabled to have the experience of being alive is usually thought to be a valuable and positive experience, then it would seem that unless the child’s condition is likely to be so bad that he or she would not have a worthwhile life, a life worth living, then it will always be in that child’s interests to be brought into being, and we should enable the creation of this life. It is in the interest of any child whose life will be likely worth living overall, that he or she is brought to birth. It is, after all, that child’s only chance of existence. Unless the child is likely to be born with a condition so severe to cause suffering so great as to outweigh the good of life, it is in the interests of an individual to exist despite the possibility of a life compromised by suffering. However, if it is assumed (as Häyry seems to do so) being brought to birth and enabled to have the experience of being alive is of neutral value then any harms which might be attached to this existence may well make the creation of this life a harm and therefore immoral. As the creation of all human lives involves the creation of unnecessary harm—no life is without suffering—this view does seem to imply that deliberate human procreation is immoral. Or at least the deliberate creation of any life which is likely to involve even a small level of harm is immoral. Not only does this seem to be a rather pessimistic view of human existence but also one that does not seem to be borne out in our experience. Is Häyry really arguing that a life which contains any suffering is a life which should not have been created—that is, it is a worthless life? Surely this would mean that his own life and the lives of those around him are unworthwhile, and that non-existence is a preferable option for himself and others who endure lives that contain suffering even if that suffering is not overwhelming? If Häyry really believes that the morally preferable course of action is one which avoids suffering where this is possible it seems that he should be encouraging not only the avoidance of human reproduction but also the ending of existing human lives including his own. It appears we can either accept that as all human life contains suffering it should be avoided, or we can take the alternative view that as long as life can be considered generally beneficial rather than generally harmful, creating this life is not immoral. Thus, based on this latter view, as long as the suffering a life contains is likely to be outweighed by positive experiences, choosing to bring such a life into being is morally acceptable, even if the reasons for this choice are irrational. The irrationality of a choice does not make that choice immoral—many of what are considered to be the most valuable experiences in life, such as love, sex, dancing, creating children, recreational drug/alcohol use, etc, may have little or no rational justification (especially based on Häyry’s interpretation of rational) but life without such irrational pleasures and freedoms for many would be unbearable. For most people planning to conceive and bring to birth children, this choice is necessarily an irrational one. In most cases we choose to bring to birth children on the basis of unquantifiable and unpredictable ideas of what they will bring to our lives and the lives of those around us. Even if we choose to bring to birth children for more pragmatic reasons such as ensuring continuity of the family business or to provide for one’s old age it is impossible to determine whether this goal will or is even likely to be achieved. Interestingly, one of the most ‘‘rational’’ reasons which might be given for the decision to bring to birth a child is one that has created great controversy in recent months. The aim of producing a ‘‘saviour child’’, using preimplantation diagnosis and in vitro fertilisation techniques, as a compatible donor for an existing ill child, would seem to be one of very few cases where the choice to create a new child could be viewed as a rational choice. However, most of us create 379